Biyaha wasakhda ah ee aysidhka ahi waa biyaha wasakhda ah ee qiimaha pH ka yar 6. Marka loo eego noocyada kala duwan ee aysiidhka, biyaha wasakhda ah ee acidic waxa loo qaybin karaa wasakh aashitada inorganic iyo biyaha wasakhda ah ee aashitada organic.Biyaha wasakhda ah ee aashitada xooggan iyo biyaha wasakhda ah ee aashitada;Biyaha wasakhda ah ee monoacid iyo polyacid biyaha wasakhda ah;Biyaha wasakhda ah ee aashitada leh oo yaraada iyo biyaha wasakhda ah ee aashitada oo aad u badan.Caadi ahaan biyaha wasakhda ah ee acidic ah, marka lagu daro qaar ka mid ah aashitada, inta badan waxay ka kooban yihiin ions bir culus iyo milixdooda iyo walxaha kale ee waxyeellada leh.Biyaha wasakhda ah ee acidic waxay ka yimaadaan ilo kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan qulqulka miinada, hydrometallurgy, birta duuban, daaweynta asiidhka dusha ee birta iyo birta aan birta ahayn, warshadaha kiimikada, wax soo saarka asiidhka, midabada, electrolysis, electroplating, fiilooyinka macmalka ah iyo qaybaha kale ee warshadaha.Biyaha wasakhda ah ee aysiidhka ah ee caadiga ah waa biyaha wasakhda ah ee sulfuric, oo ay ku xigto hydrochloric acid iyo nitric acid biyaha wasakhda ah.Sannad kasta, Shiinuhu wuxuu ku dhow yahay inuu soo saaro ku dhawaad hal milyan oo mitir kuyuub oo qashinka warshadaha ah, haddii biyahaas wasakhda ah si toos ah loo daayo iyada oo aan la daaweynin, waxay dumin doontaa dhuumaha, waxyeello u geystaan dalagyada, waxyeello u geystaan kalluunka, waxyeelleeyaan maraakiibta, waxayna baabi'iyaan caafimaadka deegaanka.Biyaha wasakhda ah ee aysiidhka warshaduhu waa in lagu daweeyaa si ay u buuxiyaan heerarka dareeraha qaranka ka hor inta aan la soo saarin, biyaha wasakhda ah ee aashitada waa dib loo warshadayn karaa oo dib loo isticmaali karaa.Marka la daaweynayo aashitada wasakhda, hababka la dooran karo waxaa ka mid ah daaweynta milixda, habka fiirsashada, habka dhexdhexaadinta kiimikada, habka soo saarista, habka resin beddelka ion, habka kala soocida xuubka, iwm.
1. cusbo dib u warshadaynta
Waxa loogu yeero milixdu waa in la isticmaalo xaddi badan oo biyo milix ah oo buuxa si loo soo dajiyo ku dhawaad dhammaan wasakhda dabiiciga ah ee ku jirta aashitada wasakhda ah.Si kastaba ha noqotee, habkani wuxuu soo saari doonaa hydrochloric acid wuxuuna saameynayaa soo kabashada iyo ka faa'iidaysiga sulfuric acid ee aashitada wasakhda, sidaas awgeed habka lagu milixayo wasakhda organic ee asiidhka qashinka leh sodium bisulphate saturated solution ayaa la bartay.
Aashitada wasakhda ah waxay ka kooban tahay sulfuric acid iyo wasakh dabiici ah oo kala duwan, kuwaas oo u badan qadar yar oo ah 6-chloro-3-nitrotoluene-4 sulfonic acid iyo isomers kala duwan oo aan ahayn 6-chloro-3-nitrotoluene-4-sulfonic acid oo ay soo saartay toluene habka sulfonation, chlorination iyo nitrification.Habka milixdu waa in la isticmaalo xaddi badan oo biyo milix ah oo buuxa si loo soo dajiyo ku dhawaad dhammaan wasakhda organic ee ku jirta aashitada wasakhda ah.Habka dib-u-warshadaynta milixdu kaliya kama saari karto wasakhaha kala duwan ee dabiiciga ah ee aashitada wasakhda, laakiin sidoo kale waxay soo kabsan kartaa sulfuric acid si loo geliyo wax soo saarka wareegga, badbaadinta kharashka iyo tamarta.
2. Habka dubista
Habka dubista waxaa lagu dabaqaa aashitada kacsan sida hydrochloric acid, taas oo ka soocday xalka iyada oo la dubay si loo gaaro saameyn soo kabashada.
3. Habka dhexdhexaadinta kiimikada
Falcelinta aasaasiga ah ee aashitada-saldhigga ee H+(aq)+OH-(aq)=H2O sidoo kale waa saldhig muhiim ah oo lagu daweeyo biyaha wasakhda ah ee aysiidhku ku jirto.Hababka caadiga ah ee lagu daweeyo biyaha wasakhda ah ee acid-ka kooban waxaa ka mid ah dhexdhexaadinta iyo dib-u-warshadaynta, dhexdhexaadinta labada dhinac ee biyaha wasakhda ah ee saldhigga ah, dhexdhexaadinta daroogada, dhexdhexaadinta sifaynta, iwm. Maalmihii hore ee qaar ka mid ah shirkadaha birta iyo birta ee Shiinaha, intooda badani waxay isticmaaleen habka Dhexdhexaadinta aashitada-saldhigga si loo daweeyo dareeraha wasakhda ah ee hydrochloric acid iyo sulfuric acid pickling, si qiimaha pH uu gaaro heerka dheecaanka.Sodium carbonate (soda ash), sodium hydroxide, limestone ama lime sida alaabta ceeriin ee dhexdhexaadinta saldhigga acid, isticmaalka guud waa raqiis, fududahay in la sameeyo lime.
4. Habka soo saarista
Soo saarista dareeraha-dareere ah, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan soo saarista dareeraha, waa hawlgal unug adeegsada faraqa milanka qaybaha dareeraha alaabta ceeriin ee dareeraha ku habboon si loo gaaro kala-saar.Daawaynta biyaha wasakhda ah ee acid-ka ku jirta, waa lagama maarmaan in la sameeyo biyaha wasakhda ah ee acid-ku jira iyo dareeraha organic si buuxda ula xiriiro, si wasakhda ku jirta aashitada qashinka loo wareejiyo dareeraha.Shuruudaha soosaaruhu waa: (1) Aashitada wasakhda ah waa mid aan shaqaynayn, kiimiko ahaanna ulama falgaliso aashitada wasakhda ah, kumana milnto aashitada wasakhda;(2) Wasakhda ku jirta aashitada wasakhda ahi waxay leeyihiin qaybsanaan sare oo qaybsanaan soosaariyaha iyo sulfuric acid;(3) Qiimaha waa raqiis oo si fudud loo heli karaa;(4) Way fududahay in laga sooco wasakhda, khasaaraha yar marka la iska siibo.Soosaarayaasha caadiga ah waxaa ka mid ah benzene (toluene, nitrobenzene, chlorobenzene), phenols (creosote creosote diphenol), hydrocarbons halogenated (trichloroethane, dichloroethane), isopropyl ether iyo N-503.
5. Habka resin beddelka ion
Mabda'a aasaasiga ah ee lagu daweeyo dareeraha qashinka aashitada organic by resin sarrifka ion waa in qaar ka mid ah resins sarrifka ion ay nuugi karaan acids organic xal aashitada wasakh ah oo laga saaro acids inorganic iyo cusbada biraha si loo gaaro kala soocida acids iyo cusbada kala duwan.
6. Habka kala soocida xuubabka
Dareeraha qashinka aashitada leh, hababka daawaynta xuubka sida sifaynta iyo korantada ayaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa.Soo kabashada xubnuhu aashitada wasakhda ayaa inta badan qaata mabda'a sifaynta, kaas oo ay horseedo faraqa u fiirsiga.Qalabka oo dhan wuxuu ka kooban yahay xuubka sifeynta faafinta, saxanka qaybinta dareeraha, saxanka xoojinta, jir saxan socodka dareeraha ah, iwm.
7. Habka crystallization qaboojinta
Habka crystallization qaboojinta waa hab lagu yareeyo heerkulka xalka oo uu soo dedejiyo solute.Waxaa loo isticmaalaa habka daaweynta aashitada qashinka in wasakhda ku jirta aashitada wasakhda la qaboojiyo si ay u soo kabsato xalalka aashitada oo buuxiya shuruudaha oo dib loo isticmaali karo.Tusaale ahaan, aashitada sulfuric ee wasakhda ah ee laga soo saaro habka dhaqidda acyl-dhaqidda ee warshad duuban waxay ka kooban tahay xaddi badan oo sulfate ah, kaas oo lagu daaweeyo habka feejignaanta-crystalization iyo sifeynta.Ka dib marka la sifeeyo sulfate-ka ferrous, aashitada waxaa lagu soo celin karaa habka qaadashada birta si loo sii isticmaalo.
crystallization qaboojinta waxay leedahay codsiyo badan oo warshadaha, kuwaas oo halkan lagu muujiyey by habka pickling in processing biraha.Habka farsamaynta birta iyo farsamada, xalalka sulfuric acid ayaa caadi ahaan loo isticmaalaa in laga saaro miridhka dushiisa birta.Sidaa darteed, dib-u-warshadaynta aashitada wasakhda waxay si weyn u dhimi kartaa kharashaadka waxayna ilaalin kartaa deegaanka.crystallization qaboojinta waxaa loo isticmaalaa warshadaha si loo gaaro habkan.
8. Habka Oxidation
Habkan ayaa la isticmaalay muddo dheer, mabda'a waa in la gooyo wasakhda organic ee qashinka sulfuric acid iyadoo la adeegsanayo walxaha oksijiinta ee xaaladaha ku habboon, si loogu beddelo carbon dioxide, biyo, nitrogen oxides, iwm. laga soocay sulfuric acid, si qashinka sulfuric acid loo sifeeyo loona soo kabsado.Oksaydhiyeyaasha sida caadiga ah loo isticmaalo waa hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, perchloric acid, hypochlorous acid, nitrate, ozone iyo wixii la mid ah.oksidizer kastaa wuxuu leeyahay faa'iidooyin iyo xaddidaad.
Waqtiga boostada: Abriil-10-2024
