Kiimikada iyo habka looga saarayo nitrogen ammonia biyaha

1. Waa maxay ammonia nitrogen?

Nitrogen-ka Ammonia waxaa loola jeedaa ammonia qaab ammonia xor ah (ama ammonia aan ionic ahayn, NH3) ama ammonia ionic (NH4+). pH sare iyo saami sare oo ammonia xor ah; Taas beddelkeeda, saamiga milixda ammonia waa sare.

Naytarojiin Ammonia waa nafaqo ku jirta biyaha, taasoo keeni karta in biyaha ay ka baxaan, waana sunta ugu weyn ee oksijiinta ku jirta biyaha, taasoo sun u ah kalluunka iyo noolaha biyaha qaarkood.

Saamaynta ugu weyn ee nitrogen ammonia ku leedahay noolaha biyaha waa ammonia xor ah, oo sunteedu ay tobanaan jeer ka badan tahay milixda ammonia, waxayna korodhaa marka ay korodho alkalinity-ga. Sumowga nitrogen ammonia waxay si dhow ula xiriirtaa qiimaha pH iyo heerkulka biyaha ee biyaha barkadda, guud ahaan, marka qiimaha pH-ga iyo heerkulka biyuhu kor u kacaan, sunta ayaa sii xoogaysanaysa.

Laba hab oo midab-kala-soocid ah oo qiyaas ahaan xasaasiyadeed oo badanaa loo isticmaalo in lagu go'aamiyo ammonia waa habka reagent-ka Nessler ee caadiga ah iyo habka phenol-hypochlorite. Titrates-ka iyo hababka korontada ayaa sidoo kale si caadi ah loo isticmaalaa si loo go'aamiyo ammonia; Marka maadada nitrogen-ka ammonia ay sarreyso, habka titrate-ka distillation-ka ayaa sidoo kale la isticmaali karaa. (Heerka qaranka waxaa ka mid ah habka reagent-ka Nath, spectrophotometry-ka salicylic acid, habka titrate-ka distillation-ka)

2. Habka ka saarista nitrogen-ka jirka iyo kiimikada

① Habka roobka kiimikada

Habka roobka kiimikada, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan habka roobka MAP, waa in lagu daro magnesium iyo fosfoorik asiidh ama hydrogen phosphate biyaha wasakhda ah ee ay ku jiraan ammonia nitrogen, si NH4+ ee biyaha wasakhda ah ay ula falgasho Mg+ iyo PO4- xal biyood ah si loo soo saaro roobka ammonia magnesium phosphate, qaacidada molecular-ka waa MgNH4P04.6H20, si loo gaaro ujeeddada laga saarayo ammonia nitrogen. Magnesium ammonium phosphate, oo loo yaqaan struvite, waxaa loo isticmaali karaa sidii compost, carro lagu daro ama dab-damis loogu talagalay dhismaha alaabada dhismaha. Isle'egta falcelinta waa sidan soo socota:

Mg++ NH4 + + PO4 – = MgNH4P04

Arrimaha ugu muhiimsan ee saameeya saameynta daaweynta ee roobabka kiimikada waa qiimaha pH, heerkulka, fiirsashada nitrogen ammonia iyo saamiga molar (n(Mg+): n(NH4+): n(P04-)). Natiijooyinka waxay muujinayaan in marka qiimaha pH uu yahay 10 iyo saamiga molar ee magnesium, nitrogen iyo fosfooraska uu yahay 1.2:1:1.2, saameynta daaweyntu way ka fiican tahay.

Iyadoo la adeegsanayo magnesium chloride iyo disodium hydrogen phosphate oo ah wakiillo biyo-dhac ah, natiijooyinku waxay muujinayaan in saameynta daaweyntu ay ka fiican tahay marka qiimaha pH uu yahay 9.5 iyo saamiga molar ee magnesium, nitrogen iyo fosfooraska uu yahay 1.2:1:1.

Natiijooyinka waxay muujinayaan in MgC12+Na3PO4.12H20 uu ka sarreeyo isku-darka walxaha kale ee kiciya. Marka qiimaha pH uu yahay 10.0, heerkulku waa 30℃, n(Mg+): n(NH4+): n(P04-)= 1:1:1, fiirsashada tirada nitrogen ammonia ee biyaha wasakhda ah ka dib marka la walaaqo 30 daqiiqo ayaa laga dhimayaa 222mg/L ka hor daaweynta ilaa 17mg/L, heerka ka saaristana waa 92.3%.

Habka roobka kiimikada iyo habka xuubka dareeraha ah ayaa la isku daray si loogu daaweeyo biyaha wasakhda ah ee ammonia nitrogen warshadaha ee aadka u badan. Xaaladaha hagaajinta habka roobka, heerka ka saarista ammonia nitrogen wuxuu gaaray 98.1%, ka dibna daaweyn dheeraad ah oo lagu sameeyay habka dareeraha ah ayaa hoos u dhigtay fiirsashada ammonia nitrogen ilaa 0.005g/L, taasoo gaartay heerka qiiqa heerka koowaad ee qaranka.

Saamaynta ka saarista aayoonnada birta ee kala duwan (Ni+, Mn+, Zn+, Cu+, Fe+) marka laga reebo Mg+ ee nitrogen ammonia iyadoo la adeegsanayo falgalka phosphate ayaa la baaray. Hawsha cusub ee roobka CaSO4 ee roobka-MAP ayaa la soo jeediyay biyaha wasakhda ah ee ammonia sulfate. Natiijooyinka waxay muujinayaan in nidaamiyaha NaOH ee dhaqameed lagu beddeli karo lime.

Faa'iidada habka roobka kiimikada ayaa ah marka uruurinta biyaha wasakhda ah ee ammonia nitrogen ay sarreyso, adeegsiga hababka kale waa xaddidan yahay, sida habka bayoolojiga, habka koloriin-ka jebinta, habka kala-soocidda xuubka, habka is-weydaarsiga ion, iwm. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, habka roobka kiimikada ayaa loo isticmaali karaa daaweynta ka hor. Waxtarka ka saarista habka roobka kiimikada ayaa ka wanaagsan, mana xaddidna heerkulka, hawlgalkuna waa mid fudud. Dhoobada soo daatay ee ka kooban magnesium ammonium phosphate waxaa loo isticmaali karaa bacrimin isku dhafan si loo xaqiijiyo isticmaalka qashinka, sidaas darteedna wuxuu ka dhigayaa qayb ka mid ah kharashka; Haddii lagu dari karo qaar ka mid ah shirkadaha warshadaha ee soo saara biyaha wasakhda ah ee fosfate iyo shirkadaha soo saara milixda milixda, waxay badbaadin kartaa kharashyada daawada waxayna fududeyn kartaa codsiga baaxadda weyn.

Khasaaraha habka roobka kiimikada ayaa ah in sababtoo ah xaddidaadda wax soo saarka milmida ee ammonium magnesium phosphate, ka dib marka nitrogen ammonia ee biyaha wasakhda ah ay gaaraan heer gaar ah, saameynta ka saarista ma muuqato oo qiimaha la gelinayo aad ayuu u kordhaa. Sidaa darteed, habka roobka kiimikada waa in loo isticmaalaa iyadoo lala kaashanayo habab kale oo ku habboon daaweynta horumarsan. Xaddiga reagent-ka la isticmaalay waa weyn yahay, dhoobada la soo saaray waa weyn tahay, kharashka daaweyntuna waa sarreeyaa. Soo bandhigida ion-yada chloride iyo fosfooraska harsan inta lagu jiro qiyaasta kiimikada waxay si fudud u keeni kartaa wasakh labaad.

Soo-saaraha iyo Alaab-qeybiyaha Aluminium Sulfate Jumlad | EVERBRIGHT (cnchemist.com)

Soo-saaraha iyo Bixiyaha Sumcadda Dibasic Sodium Phosphate | EVERBRIGHT (cnchemist.com)

② habka loo afuufo

Habka looga saarayo nitrogen-ka ammonia iyadoo la adeegsanayo afuufidda waa in qiimaha pH-ga loo hagaajiyo alkaline, si amooniyada ammonia ee ku jirta biyaha wasakhda ah loogu beddelo ammonia, si ay inta badan ugu jirto qaab ammonia bilaash ah, ka dibna ammonia-da xorta ah ayaa laga soo saaraa biyaha wasakhda ah iyada oo loo marayo gaaska side, si loo gaaro ujeeddada laga saarayo nitrogen-ka ammonia. Arrimaha ugu waaweyn ee saameeya hufnaanta afuufidda waa qiimaha pH, heerkulka, saamiga gaaska-dareeraha, heerka socodka gaaska, fiirsashada bilowga ah iyo wixii la mid ah. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, habka afuufidda waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah ee leh fiirsashada sare ee nitrogen-ka ammonia.

Ka saarista nitrogen ammonia ee qashinka lagu shubo iyadoo la adeegsanayo habka afuufidda ayaa la darsay. Waxaa la ogaaday in arrimaha muhiimka ah ee xakameynaya waxtarka afuufiddu ay ahaayeen heerkulka, saamiga gaaska-dareeraha iyo qiimaha pH. Marka heerkulka biyuhu ka weynaado 2590, saamiga gaaska-dareeraha waa qiyaastii 3500, pH-kuna waa qiyaastii 10.5, heerka ka saarista wuxuu gaari karaa in ka badan 90% qashinka lagu shubo iyadoo fiirsashada nitrogen ammonia ay gaarsiisan tahay 2000-4000mg/L. Natiijooyinka waxay muujinayaan in marka pH=11.5, heerkulka ka saarista uu yahay 80cC waqtiga ka saaristana uu yahay 120 daqiiqo, heerka ka saarista nitrogen ammonia ee biyaha wasakhda ah uu gaari karo 99.2%.

Waxtarka afuufidda ee biyaha wasakhda ah ee ammonia nitrogen ee xoogga badan waxaa sameeyay munaaradda afuufidda ee ka hortagga current-ka. Natiijooyinku waxay muujiyeen in waxtarka afuufiddu uu kordhay iyadoo la kordhinayo qiimaha pH. Inta uu le'eg yahay saamiga gaaska-dareere, ayaa sii weynaanaya awoodda wadista ee wareejinta tirada ammonia ee ammonia, hufnaanta afuufidduna sidoo kale way sii kordheysaa.

Habka looga saarayo nitrogen-ka ammonia iyadoo la afuufayo waa mid wax ku ool ah, si fudud loo shaqayn karo, waana mid si fudud loo xakamayn karo. nitrogen-ka ammonia ee la afuufiyay waxaa loo isticmaali karaa sidii nuuge leh aashitada sulfuric, lacagta aashitada sulfuric ee la soo saarayna waxaa loo isticmaali karaa bacrimin ahaan. Habka afuufku waa tignoolajiyad si caadi ah loogu isticmaalo ka saarista nitrogen-ka jirka iyo kiimikada xilligan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, habka afuufku wuxuu leeyahay faa'iidooyin qaar, sida xoqidda joogtada ah ee munaaradda afuufka, hufnaanta ka saarista nitrogen-ka ammonia ee heerkulka hooseeya, iyo wasakhowga labaad ee uu keeno gaaska afuufka. Habka afuufku guud ahaan waxaa lagu daraa habab kale oo lagu daweeyo biyaha wasakhda ah ee nitrogen-ka ammonia si looga hortago biyaha wasakhda ah ee nitrogen-ka ammonia ee xoogga badan.

③Koloriin ku daridda dhibicda jebinta

Habka looga saarayo ammonia iyadoo la adeegsanayo koloriin ku daridda barta jabka ayaa ah in gaaska koloriinku uu la falgalo ammonia si uu u soo saaro gaas nitrogen ah oo aan waxyeello lahayn, N2-na uu u baxsado jawiga, taasoo ka dhigaysa isha falgalka inay sii socoto dhanka midig. Qaacidada falgalka waa:

HOCl NH4 + + 1.5 – > 0.5 N2 H20 H++ Cl – 1.5 + 2.5 + 1.5)

Marka gaaska koloriin loo wareejiyo biyaha wasakhda ah ilaa meel gaar ah, waxa ku jira koloriin bilaash ah oo ku jira biyaha waa yar yahay, heerka ammonia-na waa eber. Marka xaddiga gaaska koloriin uu dhaafo barta, xaddiga koloriin bilaash ah ee ku jira biyaha ayaa kordhi doona, sidaas darteed, barta waxaa loo yaqaan barta jabka, koloriin ku jira xaaladdan waxaa loo yaqaan koloriin ku jira barta jabka.

Habka koloriin-ka ee jebinta dhibicda waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu daaweeyo biyaha wasakhda ah ee qodista ka dib afuufidda nitrogen ammonia, saameynta daawayntana waxaa si toos ah u saameeya habka afuufidda nitrogen ammonia ee kahor daaweynta. Marka 70% nitrogen ammonia ee ku jirta biyaha wasakhda ah laga saaro habka afuufidda ka dibna lagu daaweeyo koloriin-ka dhibicda jebinta, tirada guud ee nitrogen ammonia ee ku jirta biyaha wasakhda ah waxay ka yar tahay 15mg/L. Zhang Shengli et al. waxay qaateen biyaha wasakhda ah ee nitrogen ammonia ee la sawiray oo leh tiro badan oo ah 100mg/L sida shayga cilmi-baarista, natiijooyinka cilmi-baaristuna waxay muujiyeen in arrimaha ugu muhiimsan iyo kuwa labaad ee saameeya ka saarista nitrogen ammonia iyadoo la isticmaalayo oksaydheynta sodium hypochlorite ay ahaayeen saamiga tirada ee chlorine iyo nitrogen ammonia, waqtiga falcelinta, iyo qiimaha pH.

Habka koloriin-ka ee jebinta dhibicda wuxuu leeyahay hufnaan sare oo ka saarista nitrogen-ka, heerka ka saarista wuxuu gaari karaa 100%, fiirsashada ammonia-da ee biyaha wasakhda ahna waxaa loo dhimi karaa eber. Saamayntu waa mid deggan oo aan saameyn ku yeelan heerkulka; Qalabka maalgashiga oo yar, jawaab degdeg ah oo dhammaystiran; Waxay leedahay saameynta nadiifinta iyo jeermiska jirka biyaha. Baaxadda codsiga habka koloriin-ka ee jebinta dhibicda ayaa ah in fiirsashada biyaha wasakhda ah ee ammonia nitrogen ay ka yar tahay 40mg/L, sidaa darteed habka koloriin-ka ee jebinta dhibicda waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa daaweynta horumarsan ee biyaha wasakhda ah ee ammonia nitrogen. Shuruudaha isticmaalka iyo kaydinta badbaadada leh waa sarreeyaan, kharashka daaweyntu waa sarreeyaan, waxyaabaha ka soo baxa chloramine-ka iyo walxaha koloriin-ka leh waxay sababi doonaan wasakhayn labaad.

Habka oksaydhka catalytic

Habka oksaydhka catalytic waa iyada oo loo marayo ficilka katalyst-ka, heerkul iyo cadaadis gaar ah, iyada oo loo marayo oksaydhka hawada, walxaha dabiiciga ah iyo ammonia ee wasakhda ku jira ayaa la oksaydhin karaa oo loo burburin karaa walxo aan waxyeello lahayn sida CO2, N2 iyo H2O, si loo gaaro ujeeddada nadiifinta.

Arrimaha saameeya saameynta oksaydhka catalytic-ga waa astaamaha kaaliyayaasha, heerkulka, waqtiga falcelinta, qiimaha pH, fiirsashada nitrogen ammonia, cadaadiska, xoojinta walaaqidda iyo wixii la mid ah.

Habka burburka ee nitrogen ammonia oo la shiiday ayaa la darsay. Natiijooyinku waxay muujiyeen in marka qiimaha pH uu kordho, nooc ka mid ah HO2 oo leh awood oksaydh oo xooggan ayaa la soo saaray, heerka oksaydhkuna si weyn ayuu u kordhay. Daraasaduhu waxay muujinayaan in ozone uu oksaydhin karo nitrogen ammonia una geyn karo nitrite iyo nitrite una geyn karo nitrite. Fiirsashada nitrogen ammonia ee biyaha ayaa hoos u dhacda marka waqtigu sii kordho, heerka ka saarista nitrogen ammonia waa qiyaastii 82%. CuO-Mn02-Ce02 waxaa loo isticmaalay sidii kaaleeye isku dhafan si loogu daaweeyo biyaha wasakhda ah ee nitrogen ammonia. Natiijooyinka tijaabada ah waxay muujinayaan in dhaqdhaqaaqa oksaydheynta ee kaaleeyaha isku dhafan ee cusub ee la diyaariyey si weyn loo hagaajiyay, xaaladaha habka ku habboonna ay yihiin 255℃, 4.2MPa iyo pH=10.8. Daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah ee nitrogen ammonia oo leh uruurinta bilowga ah ee 1023mg/L, heerka ka saarista nitrogen ammonia wuxuu gaari karaa 98% 150 daqiiqo gudahood, isagoo gaaraya heerka dheecaanka heerka sare ee qaranka (50mg/L).

Waxqabadka katalytic ee sawir-qaadaha TiO2 ee ay taageerto zeolite ayaa la baaray iyadoo la daraaseynayo heerka burburka ee nitrogen ammonia ee xalka sulfuric acid. Natiijooyinka waxay muujinayaan in qiyaasta ugu habboon ee sawir-qaadaha Ti02/zeolite uu yahay 1.5g/L waqtiga falcelintuna uu yahay 4 saacadood iyadoo la adeegsanayo shucaaca ultraviolet. Heerka ka saarista nitrogen ammonia ee biyaha wasakhda ah wuxuu gaari karaa 98.92%. Saamaynta ka saarista birta sare iyo nano-chin dioxide ee iftiinka ultraviolet-ka ee nitrogen phenol iyo ammonia ayaa la darsay. Natiijooyinka waxay muujinayaan in heerka ka saarista nitrogen ammonia uu yahay 97.5% marka pH=9.0 lagu dabaqo xalka nitrogen ammonia iyadoo xoogga la saarayo 50mg/L, kaas oo ah 7.8% iyo 22.5% ka sarreeya kan birta sare ama Chine dioxide oo keliya.

Habka oksaydhka catalytic wuxuu leeyahay faa'iidooyinka hufnaanta nadiifinta sare, habka fudud, aagga hoose ee yar, iwm., waxaana badanaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu daaweeyo biyaha wasakhda ah ee ammonia nitrogen ee xoogga badan. Dhibaatada codsigu waa sida looga hortago luminta kicinta iyo ilaalinta daxalka qalabka.

Habka oksaydhka elektaroonigga ah

Habka oksaydhka elektaroonigga ah waxa uu tilmaamayaa habka looga saarayo wasakhowga biyaha iyadoo la adeegsanayo electrooxidation oo leh firfircooni katalytik ah. Arrimaha saameeya waa cufnaanta hadda jirta, heerka socodka gelitaanka, waqtiga bixitaanka iyo waqtiga xalka dhibicda.

Waxaa la bartay oksaydhaynta elektaroonigga ah ee biyaha wasakhda ah ee ammonia-nitrogen ee ku jira unug electrolytic ah oo wareegaya, halkaas oo togan uu yahay korontada shabakadda Ti/Ru02-TiO2-Ir02-SnO2, tabanna uu yahay korontada shabakadda Ti. Natiijooyinka waxay muujinayaan in marka fiirsashada ion-ka koloriinku yahay 400mg/L, fiirsashada nitrogen-ka ammonia ee bilowga ah ay tahay 40mg/L, heerka socodka saameynayana uu yahay 600mL/daqiiqo, cufnaanta hadda jirta waa 20mA/cm, waqtiga electrolytic-kuna waa 90 daqiiqo, heerka ka saarista nitrogen-ka ammonia waa 99.37%. Waxay muujinaysaa in oksaydhaynta elektaroonigga ah ee biyaha wasakhda ah ee ammonia-nitrogen ay leedahay rajo wanaagsan oo codsi ah.

3. Habka ka saarista nitrogen-ka bayochemical-ga ah

①nitrification-ka oo dhan iyo denitrification-ka

Nitrification-ka habka oo dhan iyo denitrification waa nooc ka mid ah habka bayoolojiga kaas oo si weyn loo isticmaalay muddo dheer hadda. Waxay nitrogen ammonia ah u beddeshaa nitrogen iyada oo loo marayo taxane falcelin ah sida nitrification iyo denitrification iyada oo la adeegsanayo microorganisms kala duwan, si loo gaaro ujeeddada daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah. Habka nitrification-ka iyo denitrification-ka si looga saaro nitrogen ammonia waxay u baahan tahay inay marto laba marxaladood:

Falcelinta Nitrification: Falcelinta nitrification waxaa dhammaystira noolaha aerobic autotrophic. Xaaladda aerobic-ga, nitrogen aan organic ahayn waxaa loo isticmaalaa isha nitrogen si loogu beddelo NH4+ NO2-, ka dibna waxaa lagu oksaydhiyaa NO3-. Habka nitrification waxaa loo qaybin karaa laba marxaladood. Marxaladda labaad, nitrification waxaa loo beddelaa nitrifying bacteria, nitrification-na waxaa loo beddelaa nitrifying bacteria (NO3-).

Falcelinta Denitrification: Falcelinta Denitrification waa habka bakteeriyada denitrification ay u yareyso nitrogen-ka nitrite iyo nitrate nitrogen una beddesho nitrogen gaseous (N2) xaaladda hypoxia. Bakteeriyada denitrifying waa nooleyaal heterotrophic ah, kuwaas oo intooda badan ka tirsan bakteeriyada amphictic. Xaaladda hypoxia, waxay u isticmaalaan oksijiinta nitrate-ka sidii aqbalaha elektarooniga iyo walxaha organic-ga ah (qaybta BOD ee wasakhda) sidii deeq-bixiye elektaroonig ah si ay u bixiyaan tamar oo ay u noqdaan kuwo oksaydhaysan oo xasilan.

Codsiyada injineernimada nitrification iyo denitrification ee habka oo dhan waxaa inta badan ka mid ah AO, A2O, godka oksaydhka, iwm., taas oo ah hab ka sii bisil oo loo isticmaalo warshadaha ka saarista nitrogen-ka bayoolojiga.

Habka nitrification iyo denitrification oo dhan wuxuu leeyahay faa'iidooyinka saameynta deggan, hawlgal fudud, wasakheyn labaad la'aan iyo kharash yar. Habkani wuxuu sidoo kale leeyahay cillado qaar, sida isha kaarboonka waa in lagu daraa marka saamiga C/N ee biyaha wasakhda ah uu hooseeyo, shuruudaha heerkulka uu yahay mid aad u adag, hufnaanta ayaa hooseysa heerkulka hooseeya, aaggu waa weyn yahay, baahida oksijiinta waa weyn tahay, iyo qaar ka mid ah walxaha waxyeelada leh sida ion-yada birta culus waxay leeyihiin saameyn degdeg ah oo ku saabsan noolaha yaryar, kuwaas oo u baahan in laga saaro ka hor inta aan la fulin habka bayoolojiga. Intaa waxaa dheer, xoojinta sare ee nitrogen ammonia ee biyaha wasakhda ah sidoo kale waxay leedahay saameyn xakameyn ah oo ku saabsan habka nitrification. Sidaa darteed, daaweynta ka hor waa in la sameeyaa ka hor daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah ee nitrogen ammonia ee xoogga badan si diiradda biyaha wasakhda ah ee nitrogen ammonia ay uga yar tahay 500mg/L. Habka bayoolojiga dhaqameed wuxuu ku habboon yahay daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah ee nitrogen ammonia ee xoogga yar oo ka kooban walxaha dabiiciga ah, sida wasakhda guriga, biyaha wasakhda kiimikada, iwm.

②Nitrification iyo denitrification isku mar ah (SND)

Marka nitrification iyo denitrification si wadajir ah loogu sameeyo isla falgalka, waxaa loo yaqaan denitrification dheefshiidka isku mar (SND). Oksijiinta milmi karta ee biyaha wasakhda ah waxaa xaddidaya heerka faafinta si ay u soo saarto isku-darka oksijiinta milmi karta ee aagga microenvironment-ka ee ku yaal microbial floc ama biofilm, taas oo ka dhigaysa isku-darka oksijiinta milmi karta ee dusha sare ee microbial floc ama biofilm-ka mid ku habboon koritaanka iyo faafinta bakteeriyada aerobic nitrifying iyo bakteeriyada ammonia. Inta qoto dheer ee ku jirta floc ama xuubka, ayaa hoos u dhacda isku-darka oksijiinta milmi karta, taasoo keenta aag anoxic ah halkaas oo bakteeriyada denitrifying ay ku badan tahay. Sidaas darteed waxay sameysaa habka dheefshiidka isku mar iyo denitrification. Arrimaha saameeya dheefshiidka isku mar iyo denitrification waa qiimaha PH, heerkulka, alkalinity, isha kaarboonka dabiiciga ah, oksijiinta milmi karta iyo da'da dhoobada.

Nitrification/denitrification isku mar ah ayaa ka jiray godka oksaydhka Carrousel, isku-darka oksijiinta milmi karta ee u dhaxaysa impeller-ka hawo-qaadaha ah ee godka oksaydhka Carrousel ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah hoos ugu dhacay, oksijiinta milmi karta ee qaybta hoose ee godka oksaydhka Carrousel waxay ka hoosaysay tan qaybta sare. Heerarka sameynta iyo isticmaalka ee nitrogen-ka nitrate ee qayb kasta oo kanaalka ah waa ku dhawaad ​​​​isku mid, isku-darka nitrogen-ka ammonia ee kanaalka had iyo jeer aad ayuu u hooseeyaa, taasoo muujinaysa in falcelinta nitrification-ka iyo denitrification ay isku mar ka dhacaan kanaalka oksaydhka Carrousel.

Daraasadda ku saabsan daaweynta wasakhda guryaha ayaa muujineysa in CODCr-ka oo kordha, ay sii dhammaystiran tahay oo ay sii fiicnaanayso ka saarista TN-ka. Saamaynta oksijiinta milmi karta ee nitrification iyo denitrification isku mar ah ay aad u weyn tahay. Marka oksijiinta milmi karta la xakameeyo 0.5 ~ 2mg/L, saameynta guud ee ka saarista nitrogen-ka ayaa wanaagsan. Isla mar ahaantaana, habka nitrification iyo denitrification wuxuu badbaadiyaa fal-celiyaha, wuxuu gaabiyaa waqtiga falcelinta, wuxuu leeyahay isticmaalka tamarta oo hooseeya, wuxuu badbaadiyaa maalgashiga, waana mid fudud in qiimaha pH-ku uu ahaado mid deggan.

③Dhexdhexaadin iyo dheellitirid waqti gaaban ah

Isla falgalkaas, bakteeriyada oksaydhka ammonia ayaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu oksaydho ammonia ilaa nitrite xaaladaha hawada, ka dibna nitrite si toos ah ayaa loo baabi'iyaa si loo soo saaro nitrojiin leh walxo dabiici ah ama ilo kaarboon oo dibadda ah sida deeq-bixiye elektaroonig ah xaaladaha hypoxia. Arrimaha saamaynta ee nitrification-ka muddada gaaban iyo denitrification waa heerkulka, ammonia-da xorta ah, qiimaha pH iyo oksijiinta milmaysa.

Saamaynta heerkulka ku leeyahay nitrification-ka muddada gaaban ee wasakhda degmada iyada oo aan lahayn biyaha badda iyo wasakhda degmada oo leh 30% biyaha badda. Natiijooyinka tijaabada ah waxay muujinayaan in: wasakhda degmada ee aan lahayn biyaha badda, kordhinta heerkulku ay ku habboon tahay in la gaaro nitrification-ka muddada gaaban. Marka saamiga biyaha badda ee wasakhda guriga uu yahay 30%, nitrification-ka muddada gaaban si fiican ayaa loo gaari karaa xaaladaha heerkulka dhexdhexaadka ah. Jaamacadda Teknolojiyadda Delft waxay horumarisay habka SHARON, isticmaalka heerkulka sare (qiyaastii 30-4090) wuxuu ku habboon yahay faafitaanka bakteeriyada nitrite, si bakteeriyada nitrite ay u lumiso tartanka, iyadoo la xakameynayo da'da wasakhda si loo baabi'iyo bakteeriyada nitrite, si falcelinta nitrite-ka marxaladda nitrite-ka.

Iyada oo lagu saleynayo farqiga u dhexeeya isku xirnaanta oksijiinta ee u dhaxaysa bakteeriyada nitrite iyo bakteeriyada nitrite, Shaybaarka Deegaanka ee Gent Microbial wuxuu sameeyay habka OLAND si loo gaaro ururinta nitrogen-ka nitrite iyadoo la xakameynayo oksijiinta milmaysa si loo baabi'iyo bakteeriyada nitrite.

Natiijooyinka tijaabada ah ee daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah ee kookeynta iyadoo la adeegsanayo nitrification iyo denitrification waxay muujinayaan in marka heerarka COD, ammonia nitrogen, TN iyo phenol ee saameeya ay yihiin 1201.6,510.4,540.1 iyo 110.4mg/L, celceliska heerarka COD, ammonia nitrogen, TN iyo phenol ee wasakhda ah waa 197.1,14.2,181.5 iyo 0.4mg/L, siday u kala horreeyaan. Heerarka ka saarista ee u dhigma waxay ahaayeen 83.6%, 97.2%, 66.4% iyo 99.6%, siday u kala horreeyaan.

Habka nitrification-ka iyo denitrification-ka ee gaaban ma maraan marxaladda nitrification-ka, taasoo badbaadinaysa isha kaarboonka ee looga baahan yahay ka saarista nitrogen-ka bayoolojiga ah. Waxay leedahay faa'iidooyin gaar ah oo loogu talagalay biyaha wasakhda ah ee ammonia nitrogen oo leh saamiga C/N oo hooseeya. Nitrification-ka iyo denitrification-ka ee gaaban waxay leeyihiin faa'iidooyinka dhoobada yar, waqtiga falcelinta gaaban iyo kaydinta mugga falgalka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, nitrification-ka muddada gaaban iyo denitrification-ku waxay u baahan yihiin ururin deggan oo waara oo nitrrite ah, markaa sida si wax ku ool ah loogu joojiyo dhaqdhaqaaqa bakteeriyada nitrifying-ka ayaa fure u ah.

④ Oxidation-ka ammonia-da ee anaerobic-ka ah

Ammoxidation-ka anaerobic waa hab lagu oksaydheeyo nitrogen-ka ammonia una beddelo nitrogen iyadoo la adeegsanayo bakteeriyada autotrophic iyadoo la adeegsanayo hypoxia, iyadoo nitrogen-ka nitrojiin ama nitrogen-ka nitrojiin uu yahay aqbalaha elektarooniga.

Saamaynta heerkulka iyo PH ee dhaqdhaqaaqa bayoolojiga ee anammoX ayaa la darsay. Natiijooyinku waxay muujiyeen in heerkulka falcelinta ugu wanaagsan uu ahaa 30℃ qiimaha pH-na uu ahaa 7.8. Suurtagalnimada fal-galka ammoX ee lagu daaweynayo milixda sare iyo biyaha wasakhda nitrogen ee xoogga badan ayaa la darsay. Natiijooyinku waxay muujiyeen in milixda sare ay si weyn u joojisay dhaqdhaqaaqa anammoX, joojintanina ay ahayd mid la celin karo. Dhaqdhaqaaqa ammox-ka anaerobic ee dhoobada aan la qabsan waxay ahayd 67.5% ka hooseeya kan dhoobada xakamaynta iyadoo hoos timaada milixda 30g.L-1 (NaC1). Dhaqdhaqaaqa anammoX ee dhoobada la qabsaday waxay ahayd 45.1% ka hooseeya kan xakamaynta. Markii dhoobada la qabsaday laga wareejiyay jawi milix sare leh una wareejiyay jawi milix hooseeya (aan lahayn brine), dhaqdhaqaaqa ammoX-ka anaerobic wuxuu kordhay 43.1%. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, fal-galiyaha ayaa u nugul inuu hoos u dhaco shaqadiisa marka uu ku shaqeeyo milix badan muddo dheer.

Marka la barbardhigo habka bayoolojiga ee dhaqameed, ammoX-ga anaerobic-ga waa tiknoolajiyad ka saarista nitrogen-ka bayoolojiga oo dhaqaale ahaan ka badan iyada oo aan lahayn ilo kaarboon oo dheeraad ah, baahida oksijiinta oo hooseysa, looma baahna in reagents-ku ay dhexdhexaadiyaan, iyo wax soo saarka dhoobada oo yar. Khasaaraha ammox-ga anaerobic-ga ayaa ah in xawaaraha fal-celinta uu gaabis yahay, mugga reaktor-ku uu weyn yahay, iyo isha kaarboonku aysan u fiicnayn amMOX-ga anaerobic-ga, kaas oo leh muhiimad wax ku ool ah oo lagu xallinayo biyaha wasakhda ah ee ammonia nitrogen-ka iyadoo aan lahayn burbur bayooloji oo liita.

4. habka kala soocidda iyo nuugista nitrogen

① habka kala soocidda xuubka

Habka kala soocidda xuubka waa in la isticmaalo marin-u-helidda xulashada ee xuubka si loo kala saaro qaybaha ku jira dareeraha, si loo gaaro ujeeddada ka saarista nitrogen ammonia. Oo ay ku jiraan osmosis-ka dib-u-soo-noqoshada, nanofiltration, deammoniating membrane iyo electrodialysis. Arrimaha saameeya kala soocidda xuubka waa astaamaha xuubka, cadaadiska ama danabka, qiimaha pH, heerkulka iyo fiirsashada nitrogen ammonia.

Marka loo eego tayada biyaha ee biyaha wasakhda ah ee ammonia nitrogen ee ay sii daayaan dhalaaliyaha dhulka dhifka ah, tijaabada osmosis-ka ee dib u celinta waxaa lagu sameeyay NH4C1 iyo biyaha wasakhda ah ee NaCI lagu matalay. Waxaa la ogaaday in xaaladaha isku midka ah, osmosis-ka dib u celinta uu leeyahay heer sare oo ka saarista NaCI ah, halka NHCl uu leeyahay heer soo saar biyo oo sarreeya. Heerka ka saarista ee NH4C1 waa 77.3% ka dib daaweynta osmosis-ka dib u celinta, kaas oo loo isticmaali karo sidii daaweyn ka hor inta aan la isticmaalin biyaha wasakhda ah ee ammonia nitrogen. Tiknoolajiyadda osmosis-ka dib u celinta waxay badbaadin kartaa tamar, xasillooni heerkul wanaagsan, laakiin iska caabbinta koloriin, iyo iska caabbinta wasakhda ayaa liidata.

Habka kala soocidda xuubka nanofiltration-ka ee bayoolaji ayaa loo isticmaalay in lagu daaweeyo daadinta qashinka lagu shubo, si 85% ~ 90% dareeraha biyaha lagu shubo loo sii daayo sida waafaqsan heerka, oo kaliya 0% ~ 15% dareeraha wasakhda iyo dhoobada xooggan ayaa lagu celiyay haanta qashinka. Ozturki et al. waxay daweeyeen daadinta qashinka lagu shubo ee Odayeri ee Turkiga iyadoo la adeegsanayo xuubka nanofiltration, heerka ka saarista ee nitrogen-ka ammonia wuxuu ahaa qiyaastii 72%. Xuubka nanofiltration wuxuu u baahan yahay cadaadis ka hooseeya xuubka osmosis-ka ee dib u soo noqda, si fududna loo shaqayn karo.

Nidaamka xuubka ka saaraya ammonia waxaa guud ahaan loo isticmaalaa daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah iyadoo la adeegsanayo nitrogen ammonia oo sarreeya. Nitrogen-ka ammonia ee biyaha ku jira wuxuu leeyahay dheelitirka soo socda: NH4- +OH-= NH3+H2O oo shaqeynaya, biyaha wasakhda ah ee ka kooban ammonia waxay ku socdaan qolofka module-ka xuubka, dareeraha nuugaya aashitadana wuxuu ku socdaa tuubada module-ka xuubka. Marka PH-ga biyaha wasakhda ah uu kordho ama heerkulku kordho, dheelitirku wuxuu u wareegayaa dhanka midig, aamooniyada NH4-na waxay noqotaa gaaska xorta ah ee NH3. Waqtigan, gaaska NH3 wuxuu geli karaa wejiga dareeraha nuugista aashitada ee tuubada laga bilaabo wejiga biyaha qashinka ah ee qolofka iyada oo loo marayo micropores-ka dusha sare ee fiilada godan, kaas oo nuugaya xalka aashitada isla markiibana wuxuu noqdaa ionic NH4-. Hayso PH-ga biyaha wasakhda ah oo ka sarreeya 10, iyo heerkulka ka sarreeya 35 ° C (ka hooseeya 50 ° C), si NH4 ee wejiga biyaha wasakhda ah uu si joogto ah u noqdo NH3 una guuro marxaladda dareeraha nuugista. Natiijo ahaan, fiirsashada nitrogen ammonia ee dhinaca biyaha wasakhda ah ayaa si joogto ah hoos ugu dhacday. Marxaladda dareeraha nuugista aashitada, sababtoo ah waxaa jira aashito iyo NH4- oo keliya, waxay samaysaa cusbo ammonia ah oo aad u saafi ah, waxayna gaartaa fiirsasho gaar ah ka dib wareegga joogtada ah, kaas oo dib loo warshadayn karo. Dhinac, isticmaalka tiknoolajiyadani waxay si weyn u hagaajin kartaa heerka ka saarista nitrogen ammonia ee biyaha wasakhda ah, dhinaca kalena, waxay yareyn kartaa kharashka hawlgalka guud ee nidaamka daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah.

② Habka electrodialysis

Elektrodialysis waa hab lagu saaro walxaha adag ee milmay ee ka yimaada xalalka biyaha iyadoo la adeegsanayo danab u dhexeeya labada lakab ee xuubka. Iyada oo la adeegsanayo danab, ion-yada ammonia iyo ion-yada kale ee ku jira biyaha wasakhda ah ee ammonia-nitrogen ayaa lagu kobciyaa xuubka biyaha ku jira ee ammonia-ku ku badan yahay, si loo gaaro ujeeddada ka saarista.

Habka electrodialysis-ka waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu daaweeyo biyaha wasakhda ah ee aan dabiiciga ahayn iyadoo la adeegsanayo ammonia nitrogen oo aad u badan waxaana la gaaray natiijooyin wanaagsan. 2000-3000mg /L biyaha wasakhda ah ee ammonia nitrogen, heerka ka saarista ammonia nitrogen wuxuu noqon karaa in ka badan 85%, biyaha ammonia ee xoogga badan waxaa la heli karaa 8.9%. Cadadka korontada ee la isticmaalo inta lagu jiro hawlgalka electrodialysis-ka wuxuu la mid yahay cadadka ammonia nitrogen ee ku jira biyaha wasakhda ah. Daaweynta electrodialysis-ka ee biyaha wasakhda ah kuma koobna qiimaha pH, heerkulka iyo cadaadiska, waana mid fudud in la shaqeeyo.

Faa'iidooyinka kala-soocidda xuubka waa soo kabasho sare oo nitrogen ammonia ah, hawlgal fudud, saameyn daaweyn deggan iyo wasakhayn labaad la'aan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah ee nitrogen ammonia ee xoogga badan, marka laga reebo xuubka la kala furfuray, xuubka kale waa mid si fudud loo cabbiri karo oo xiran kara, dib-u-soo-nooleynta iyo dib-u-dhaqidda ayaa soo noqnoqda, taasoo kordhinaysa kharashka daaweynta. Sidaa darteed, habkani wuxuu ku habboon yahay daaweynta ka hor ama biyaha wasakhda ah ee nitrogen ammonia ee xoogga yar.

③ Habka is-weydaarsiga Ion

Habka isweydaarsiga Ion waa hab lagu saaro nitrogen ammonia biyaha wasakhda ah iyadoo la adeegsanayo agab leh nuugid xooggan oo xulasho leh oo ah ion ammonia ah. Qalabka nuugista ee si caadi ah loo isticmaalo waa kaarboon firfircoon, zeolite, montmorillonite iyo resin isdhaafsi. Zeolite waa nooc ka mid ah silico-aluminate oo leh qaab-dhismeed saddex-cabbir ah, qaab-dhismeedka daloolka caadiga ah iyo godad, kuwaas oo ay ku jiraan clinoptilolite oo leh awood nuugid xulasho oo xooggan oo loogu talagalay ion ammonia iyo qiimo jaban, sidaa darteed waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa sidii walxo nuugid ah oo loogu talagalay biyaha wasakhda ah ee nitrogen ammonia ee injineernimada. Arrimaha saameeya saameynta daaweynta ee clinoptilolite waxaa ka mid ah cabbirka walxaha, fiirsashada nitrogen ammonia ee saameynta leh, waqtiga taabashada, qiimaha pH iyo wixii la mid ah.

Saamaynta nuugista ee zeolite ku leedahay ammonia nitrogen waa mid muuqata, waxaana ku xiga ranite, saameynta ciidda iyo ceramisite-kuna waa mid liidata. Habka ugu weyn ee looga saari karo ammonia nitrogen zeolite waa is-weydaarsiga ion, saameynta nuugista jirkana aad bay u yar tahay. Saamaynta is-weydaarsiga ion ee ceramite, ciidda iyo ranite waxay la mid tahay saameynta nuugista jirka. Awoodda nuugista ee afarta buuxiye ayaa hoos u dhacday iyadoo heerkulka uu kordhayo inta u dhaxaysa 15-35℃, waxayna korodhay iyadoo qiimaha pH uu kordhayo inta u dhaxaysa 3-9. Isu-dheellitirka nuugista ayaa la gaaray ka dib 6 saacadood oo gariir ah.

Suurtagalnimada in nitrogen ammonia laga saaro qashinka lagu shubo iyadoo la adeegsanayo nuugista zeolite ayaa la darsay. Natiijooyinka tijaabada ah waxay muujinayaan in garaam kasta oo zeolite ah uu leeyahay awood nuugis xaddidan oo ah 15.5mg nitrogen ammonia ah, marka cabbirka walxaha zeolite uu yahay 30-16 mesh, heerka ka saarista nitrogen ammonia uu gaaro 78.5%, isla waqtiga nuugista, qiyaasta iyo cabbirka walxaha zeolite, heerka sare ee fiirsashada nitrogen ammonia ee saameeya, heerka nuugista ayaa sarreeya, waana suurtogal in zeolite oo ah nuuge uu ka saaro nitrogen ammonia ee wasakhda. Isla mar ahaantaana, waxaa la tilmaamay in heerka nuugista nitrogen ammonia ee zeolite uu hooseeyo, waana ay adag tahay in zeolite uu gaaro awoodda nuugista dheregta marka la shaqeynayo wax ku oolka ah.

Saamaynta ka saarista sariirta zeolite-ka bayoolojiga ee nitrogen, COD iyo wasakheeyayaasha kale ee wasakhda tuulada ee la sawiray ayaa la darsay. Natiijooyinka waxay muujinayaan in heerka ka saarista nitrogen-ka ammonia ee sariirta zeolite-ka bayoolojiga uu ka badan yahay 95%, iyo ka saarista nitrogen-ka nitrate-ka ay si weyn u saamayso waqtiga joogitaanka haydarooliga.

Habka is-weydaarsiga ion-ka wuxuu leeyahay faa'iidooyinka maalgashi yar, hab fudud, hawlgal ku habboon, xasaasiyad la'aan sunta iyo heerkulka, iyo dib-u-isticmaalka zeolite iyadoo la adeegsanayo dib-u-cusboonaysiinta. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, marka la daaweynayo biyaha wasakhda ah ee ammonia nitrogen ee xoogga badan, dib-u-cusboonaysiintu waa mid soo noqnoqda, taas oo keenta dhibaato qalliinka, sidaa darteed waxay u baahan tahay in lagu daro hababka kale ee daaweynta ammonia nitrogen, ama loo isticmaalo in lagu daaweeyo biyaha wasakhda ah ee ammonia nitrogen ee xoogga yar.

Soo-saaraha iyo Alaab-qeybiyaha Zeolite-ka ee Jumlada 4A | EVERBRIGHT (cnchemist.com)